Notes to the consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2019

1.1 About this report

Compared to the prior year, the structure of the notes to the consolidated financial statements are redesigned in order to enhance transparency and relevance of the financial reporting information to the various stakeholders. These amendments include the following:

In addition, the following changes with regard to the disclosure of Non-GAAP measures were made:

1.2 Corporate information

The Sonova Group (the “Group”) specializes in the design, development, manufacture, worldwide distribution and service of technologically advanced hearing systems for adults and children with hearing impairment. The Group operates worldwide and distributes its products in over 100 countries through its own distribution network and through independent distrib­utors. The ultimate parent company is Sonova Holding AG, a limited liability company incorporated in Switzerland. Sonova Holding AG’s registered office is located at Laubis­rütistrasse 28, 8712 Stäfa, Switzerland.

1.3 Basis of consolidated financial statements

The consolidated financial statements of the Group are based on the financial statements of the individual Group companies at March 31, which are prepared in accordance with uniform accounting policies. The consolidated financial statements were prepared under the historical cost convention except for the revaluation of certain financial assets at market value, which were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), including International Accounting Standards (IAS) and Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors of Sonova Holding AG on May 17, 2019, and are subject to approval by the Annual General Shareholders’ Meeting on June 13, 2019.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in millions of Swiss Francs (CHF) and rounded to the nearest hundred thousand. Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this report may not add up precisely to the totals provided. All ratios and variances are calculated using the underlying amount rather than the presented rounded amounts.

The consolidated financial statements include Sonova Holding AG as well as the domestic and foreign subsidiaries over which Sonova Holding AG exercises control. A list of the significant consolidated companies is given in Note 7.6.

Accounting policies of relevance for an understanding of the consolidated financial statements are set out in the specific notes to the financial statements.

1.4 Significant accounting judgments and estimates

Preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. This includes estimates and assumptions in the ordinary course of business as well as non-operating events such as the outcome of pending legal disputes. The estimates and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions.

The main estimates and assumptions with a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment are described in the following notes:

1.5 Changes in accounting policies

The Group has adopted IFRS 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and IFRS 9 “Financial instruments” beginning April 1, 2018 as described in Note 7.8.

In addition, in 2018/19 the Group adopted the following minor amendments to existing standards and interpretations, without having a significant impact on the Group’s result and financial position:

The Group has assessed the expected impacts of the various new and revised standards and interpretations that will be effective for the financial year starting April 1, 2019 and beyond. Of those standards that are not yet effective, only IFRS 16 is expected to have a material impact on the Group’s financial statements in the period of initial application, as summarized below.

IFRS 16 “Leasing”:

The standard will replace IAS 17 and sets out new principles for recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. The standard provides a single lessee accounting model that requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for all leases unless the lease term is 12 months or less or the underlying asset has a low value. A lessee is required to recognize a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a lease liability representing its obligation to make lease payments.

The main impact for the Group will be on the recognition of new assets and liabilities, primarily for its property and car lease agreements. In addition, the nature of the expenses related to those leases will now change as IFRS 16 replaces the straight-line operating lease expenses with a depreciation charge for right-of-use assets and interest expenses on lease liabilities. With the transition, the Group will recognize additional lease liabilities and right-of-use of assets for an estimated amount of around CHF 282 million as per April 1, 2019. The impact on EBIT will not be material.

The Group chose the modified retrospective approach with the recognition of the cumulative effect of initial application in retained earnings and will implement the new standard on April 1, 2019.

2.1 Income statement reconciliation

The Group presents the “Consolidated income statement” based on a classification of costs by function and is continuously amending its business portfolio with acquisitions, resulting in acquisition-related intangibles (see section “Intangible assets” in Note 3.4) and related amortization charges. To calculate EBITA¹⁾, which is the key profit metric for internal (refer to Note 2.2) as well as external purposes, acquisition-related amortization is separated from the individual functions as disclosed below.

2.2 Segment information

Information by business segments

The Group is active in the two business segments, hearing instruments and cochlear implants, which are reported separately to the Group’s chief operating decision maker (Chief Executive Officer). The financial information that is provided to the Group’s chief operating decision maker, which is used to allocate resources and to assess the performance, is primarily based on the sales analysis as well as the consolidated income statements and other key financial metrics for the two segments. The Group uses EBITA as key metric to measure profit or loss for both segments (refer to Note 2.1). Transactions between segments are based on market terms.

Hearing instruments:

This operating segment includes the activities of the design, development, manufacture, distribution and service of hearing instruments and related products. Research and development is centralized in Switzerland while some supporting activities are also performed in Canada and Sweden. Production of hearing instruments is concentrated in three production centers located in Switzerland, China, and Vietnam. Technologically advanced production processes are performed in Switzerland, whereas standard assembly of products is conducted in Asia. Most of the marketing activities are steered by the brand marketing departments in Switzerland, Canada, the United States, Germany and Sweden. The execution of marketing campaigns lies with the sales organizations in each market. Product distribution is done through sales organizations in the individual markets. The distribution channels of the Group vary in the individual markets depending on the sales strategy and the characteristics of the countries. The distribution channels can be split broadly into a retail business where Sonova operates its own store network and sells directly to end consumers and a hearing instruments business, reflecting the wholesale sales to independent audiologists, 3^rd party retail chains, multinational and government customers.

Cochlear implants:

This operating segment includes the activities of the design, development, manufacture, distribution and service of hearing implants and related products. The segment consists of Advanced Bionics and the related sales organizations. Research and development as well as marketing activities of Advanced Bionics are centralized predominantly in the United States and Switzerland while production resides in the United States. The distribution of products is effected through sales organizations in the individual markets.

Entity-wide disclosures

As common in this industry, the Sonova Group has a large number of customers. There is no single customer who accounts for more than 10% of total sales.

2.3 Revenue

The Group generates revenue primarily from the sale of hearing instruments, cochlear implants and related services. A disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers is included in Note 2.2. The following provides information about the Groups revenue recognition policies, performance obligations and related contract assets and liabilities.

The following table summarizes the contract assets and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers:

Contract liabilities relate to advance consideration received from customers for the Group’s various services, such as extended warranties, loss and damage and battery plans. In addition to the contract liabilities, the Group also recognizes contract assets that relate to loss and damage services. Contract assets are presented within other operating assets (refer to Note 3.5) in the consolidated balance sheets.

Significant changes in the contract liabilities during the period are as follows:

No material revenue was recognized in the current period from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods.

Accounting policies

The Group recognizes revenue at point in time when ownership of the products is transferred to the buyer, mainly upon delivery. The transaction price is adjusted for any variable elements, such as rebates and discounts. For audiological care customers, revenue recognition usually occurs after fitting of the device or when the trial period lapses. For hearing instruments sold in bundled packages (i.e. including accessories and services), the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on the basis of the relative stand-alone selling price of all performance obligations in the contract.

For cochlear implants, sales are generally recognized at point in time when ownership of the products is transferred to the buyer (mainly hospitals), either at delivery or after surgery.

When the customer has a right to return the product within a given period, the amount of revenue is adjusted for expected returns, which are estimated based on historical product return rates. A return provision for the expected returns is recognized as an adjustment to revenue. In addition, an asset for the right to recover returned goods is recognized measured by reference to the carrying amount, which is presented as part of other current operating assets.

The Group also offers various services, such as extended warranties, loss and damage and battery plans. Revenue for these services is predominantly recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period. In the majority of countries in which the Group operates, the standard warranty period is two years and the extended warranty covers periods beyond the second year. Loss and damage is offered in some, but not all countries, in which the Group operates. This service assures replacement of hearing instruments that are not covered by the warranty. In some countries, the Group reinsures loss and damage. Insurance costs are capitalized as contract assets and are recognized as cost of sales over the loss and damage service period.

Payment terms vary significantly across countries and also depend on whether the customer is a private or public customer.

Accounting judgements and estimates

In order to allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract, management estimates the standalone selling price of the products and services at contract inception. Mostly, the standalone selling price is based on established price lists. For loss and damage services, management considers the likelihood of a customer claim in the calculation of the standalone selling price.

If the sum of the standalone selling prices of a bundle of goods or services exceeds the consideration in a contract, the discount is allocated proportionally to all of the performance obligations in the contract unless there is observable evidence that the discount relates to only one or some of the performance obligations.

2.4 Other income/expenses, net

“Other income/expenses, net” in the 2018/19 financial year amounts to CHF 4.4 million (previous year CHF 7.2 million). The regular and systematic assessment of the provision for product liabilities in the cochlear implants segment led to a release of CHF 4.1 million (previous year CHF 1.8 million). In addition, the divestment of audiological care stores in the USA led to a gain of CHF 0.3 million (previous year other income from divestments CHF 5.4 million). For further information refer to Note 3.6 “Provisions” and Note 6.1 “Acquisitions/disposals of subsidiaries”.

2.5 Earnings per share

Accounting policies

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the income after taxes attributable to the ordinary equity holders of the parent company by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year.

In the case of diluted earnings per share, the weighted average number of shares out­standing is adjusted assuming all outstanding dilutive options will be exercised. The weighted average number of shares is adjusted for all dilutive options issued under the stock option plans which have been granted in 2012 through to 2019 and which have not yet been exercised. Options that are out-of-the-money (compared to average share price) are not considered. The calculation of diluted earnings per share is based on the same income after taxes for the period as is used in calculating basic earnings per share.

3.1 Trade receivables

As is common in this industry, the Sonova Group has a large number of customers. There is no significant concentration of credit risk. The aging of trade receivables and related provisions is disclosed in Note 4.7.

During 2018/19, the Group utilized CHF 2.2 million (previous year CHF 9.7 million) of the provision for doubtful receivables to write-off receivables.

The carrying amounts of trade receivables are denominated in the following currencies:

Accounting policies

Trade receivables are initially recorded at original invoice amount and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less loss allowance. The Group applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measuring credit losses, which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for trade receivables. This approach considers historical credit loss experience as well as forward-looking factors (see Note 4.7). The charges to the income statement are included in general and administration costs. Due to the short-term nature of trade receivables, their carrying amount is considered to approximate their fair value.

3.2 Inventories

The “cost of sales” corresponding to the carrying value of inventory (which excludes freight, packaging, logistics as well as certain overhead cost) amounted in 2018/19 to CHF 666.0 million (previous year CHF 672.3 million). The Group recognized write-downs of CHF 29.4 million (previous year CHF 18.2 million) on inventories in cost of sales.

Accounting policies

Purchased raw materials, components and finished goods are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. To evaluate cost, the standard cost method is applied, which approximates historical cost determined on a first-in first-out basis.

Manufactured finished goods and work-in-process are valued at the lower of production cost or net realizable value. Standard costs take into account normal levels of materials, supplies, labor, efficiency, and capacity utilization. Standard costs are regularly reviewed and, if necessary, revised in the light of current conditions. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion (where applicable) and selling expenses.

Allowances are established for slow moving, phase out and obsolete stock.

3.3 Property, plant and equipment

Pledged fixed assets amounted to CHF 0.0 million (previous year CHF 0.1 million).

There are no assets held under finance leases.

Accounting policies

Property, plant and equipment is valued at purchase or manufacturing cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment in value. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the expected useful lifetime of the individual assets or asset categories. Where an asset comprises several parts with different useful lifetimes, each part of the asset is depreciated separately over its applicable useful lifetime.

The applicable useful lifetimes are 25 – 40 years for buildings and 3 – 10 years for production facilities, machinery, equipment, and vehicles. Land is not depreciated. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of useful life or lease term.

Subsequent expenditure on an item of tangible assets is capitalized at cost only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Expenditure for repair and maintenance, which do not increase the estimated useful lifetimes of the related assets are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.

The Group assesses at each reporting date, whether there is any indication, that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated. If the recoverable amount is lower than carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized.

3.4 Intangible assets

Based on the impairment tests performed, there was no need for the recognition of any impairment of goodwill for the 2018/19 and 2017/18 financial years.

Hearing instruments

As of March 31, 2019, the carrying amount of the goodwill, expressed in various currencies, amounted to an equivalent of CHF 1,642.4 million (prior year CHF 1,639.0 million).

The cash flow projections were based on the most recent business plan. The business plan for the hearing instruments business was projected over a five year period. Cash flows beyond the projection period were extrapolated with a long-term growth rate of 2.2% (prior year 2.2%) representing the projected inflation rate. For the calculation, a pre-tax weighted average discount rate of 8.4% (prior year 8.4%) was used. The Group performed a sensitivity analysis, which shows that changes to the main input parameters (increase of discount rate +1%, or long-term growth rate –1%) would not result in an impairment of goodwill.

Cochlear implants

As of March 31, 2019, the carrying amount of the goodwill, expressed in various currencies, amounted to an equivalent of CHF 320.9 million (prior year CHF 308.2 million).

The cash flow projections were based on the most recent business. The business plan for the cochlear implants business was projected over a five year period. Cash flows beyond the projection period were extrapolated with a long-term growth rate of 2.4% (prior year 2.4%) representing the projected inflation rate. For the calculation, a pre-tax weighted average discount rate of 8.7% (prior year 8.6%) was used. The Group performed a sensitivity analysis, which shows that changes to the main input parameters (increase of discount rate +1%, or long-term growth rate –1%) would not result in an impairment of goodwill.

The capitalized development costs are reviewed on a regular basis. In the current financial year 2018/19, this review did not lead to any valuation adjustments. The capitalized development costs are included in the reportable segment “cochlear implants” disclosed in Note 2.2.

Accounting policies

Goodwill

Goodwill is recognized for any difference between the cost of the business combination and the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities, and contingent liabilities (refer to accounting policies in Note 6.1). Goodwill is not amortized, but is assessed for impairment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that its value might be impaired. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to the cash-generating unit, which is expected to benefit from the synergies of the corresponding business combination. For the Group, a meaningful goodwill allocation can only be done at the level of the segments, hearing instruments and cochlear implants. This also reflects the level that the goodwill is monitored by management. For both of the two cash-generating units, the recoverable amount is compared to the carrying amount. The carrying amount is determined based on a value-in-use calculation considering a five-year cash flow projection period and extrapolated using a terminal value for cash flows beyond the planning period. The cash flow projections are estimated on the basis of the strategic plan approved by the Board of Directors. Future cash flows are discounted with the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) including the application of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).

Intangibles, excluding goodwill

Purchased intangible assets such as software, licenses and patents are measured at cost less accumulated amortization (applying the straight-line method) and any impairment in value. Software is amortized over a useful lifetime of 3 – 5 years. Intangibles relating to acquisitions of subsidiaries (excluding goodwill) consist generally of technology, client relationships, customer lists, and brand names, and are amortized over a period of 3 – 20 years. Other intangible assets are generally amortized over a period of 3 – 10 years. For capitalized development costs in the cochlear implants segment, amortization starts when the capitalized asset is ready for use, which is generally after receipt of approval from regulatory bodies. These assets are amortized over the estimated useful lifetime of 2 – 7 years applying the straight-line method. For in-process capitalized development costs, these capitalized costs are tested annually for impairment. Except for goodwill, the Sonova Group has no intangible assets with an indefinite useful life.

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Development costs are capitalized only if the identifiable asset is commercially and technically feasible, can be completed, its costs can be measured reliably and will generate probable future economic benefits. Group expenditures, which fulfill these criteria are limited to the development of tooling and equipment as well as costs related to the development of cochlear implants. All other development costs are expensed as incurred. In addition to the internal costs (direct personnel and other operating costs, depreciation on research and development equipment and allocated occupancy costs), total costs also include externally contracted development work. Such capitalized intangibles are recognized at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses.

Accounting judgements and estimates

Goodwill

The recoverable amount from cash-generating units is measured on the basis of value-in-use calculations and as such is significantly impacted by the projected cash flows, the discount rate, and the long-term growth rate, which are subject to management judgment. Actual cash flows as well as other input parameters could vary significantly from these estimates.

Capitalized development costs

The Group capitalizes costs relating to the development of cochlear implants. The capitalized development costs are reviewed on a regular basis as a matter of a standard systematic procedure. In determining the commercial as well as the technical feasibility, management judgment may be required.

3.5 Other operating assets

The largest individual items included in other receivables are recoverable value added taxes and deposits. Prepaid expenses mainly consist of advances to suppliers. On adoption of IFRS 15, contract assets were recognized in relation to reinsurance of loss and damage services and rights to recover returned goods were recognized in relation to hearing instrument sales with a right of return (refer to Note 2.3).

3.6 Provisions

Warranty and returns

The provision for warranty and returns considers any costs arising from the warranty given on products sold. In general, the Group grants a 12 to 24 months warranty period for hearing instruments and related products and up to 10 years on cochlear implants. The calculation is based on turnover, past experience and projected number and cost of warranty claims and returns. The decrease in provision for warranty is due to the implementation of IFRS 15 as of April 1, 2018. Under IFRS 15, extended warranty is treated as a separate performance obligation with revenue being allocated to contract liabilities.

Reimbursement to customers

The provision for reimbursement to customers considers commitments to provide volume rebates. The provision is based on expected volumes. The large majority of the cash outflows are expected to take place within the next 12 months.

Product liabilities

The provision for product liabilities considers the expected cost for claims in relation to the voluntary recall of cochlear implant products of Advanced Bionics LLC in 2006. The calculation of this provision is based on past experience regarding the number and cost of current and future claims. The provision is estimated based on a financial model. Generally, the model used to calculate the provision for the end of the 2018/19 financial year is consistent to the prior year. It covers the cost of replacement products, medical expenses, compensation for actual damages as well as legal fees. The provision is reassessed on a regular and systematic basis. Further improvements in the expected number and cost of current and future claims led to a reduction of CHF 4.1 million (previous year CHF 1.8 million) in “other income/(expense), net”. The timing of the cash outflows corresponding to the said provision for product liabilities is uncertain since it will largely depend on the outcome of administrative and legal proceedings. Considering periods of limitation, claims will have to be filed until 2026 in most jurisdictions. However, depending on the length of proceedings and negotiations, further years may pass until all claims are settled. We expect the main cash outflow relating to this provision to occur within the next 8 years, depending on the outcome of individual legal proceedings.

Other provisions

Other provisions include provisions for specific business risks such as litigation and restructuring costs, which arise during the normal course of business. The timing of cash outflows for the other provisions is expected to take place within the next two years.

Accounting policies

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, where it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and where a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows.

Accounting judgements and estimates

Provisions are based upon management’s best estimate, taking into consideration past experience regarding the number and cost of claims. Management believes that the provisions are adequate based upon currently available information. However, given that judgment has to be applied, the actual costs and results may differ from these estimates.

3.7 Other operating liabilities

Other payables include amounts to be remitted for withholding taxes, value added taxes, social security payments, employees’ income taxes deducted at source, and customer prepayments. Accrued expenses include salaries, social expenses, vacation pay, bonus and incentive compensation as well as accruals for outstanding invoices from suppliers. The decrease in short- and long-term deferred income is due to the implementation of IFRS 15. As of April 1, 2018, revenue related deferred income is included in contract liabilities (refer to Note 2.3).

The retirement benefit obligation relates to defined benefit plans. For details refer to Note 7.3.

3.8 Leasing commitments

The operating lease commitments relate primarily to long-term property lease agreements, which are, in general, renewable. 

In the 2018/19 financial year, CHF 102.6 million was recognized as expenses for leases in the consolidated income statement (previous year CHF 101.2 million).

As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, the Group had no financial lease obligations.

Accounting policies

There are no assets that are held under leases, which effectively transfer to the Group the risks and rewards of ownership (finance leases). Therefore, all leases are classified as operating leases, and payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern of the Group’s benefit.

3.9 Contingent assets and liabilities

Guarantees

At March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no pledges given to third parties other than in relation to bank loans and mortgages.

Deposits in the amount of CHF 5.1 million (previous year CHF 3.7 million) have been pledged in relation to bank guarantees. Mortgages are secured by properties in the amount of CHF 0.1 million (previous year CHF 0.1 million). The net book value of these properties amounts to CHF 0.8 million at March 31, 2019 (previous year CHF 0.9 million). Open purchase orders as of March 31, 2019 and 2018, were related to recurring business activities.

Lawsuits and disputes

In 2007, the Alfred E. Mann Foundation for Scientific Research (AMF) initiated a lawsuit claiming patent infringement by Cochlear Ltd. on two patents. Advanced Bionics LLC had exclusively licensed the patents in question from AMF and joined AMF as a plaintiff. On November 4, 2018, a U.S. District Court reinstated a jury judgment from 2014 and awarded damages of USD 268 million. Advanced Bionics will be entitled to a portion of any damages awarded once the verdict is final. Cochlear has appealed the verdict and notice was filed on November 12, 2018. We expect it could take two years before a final judgement is rendered.

On October 4, 2018 MED-EL Elektronische Geräte GmbH and MED-EL Corporation, US, filed a complaint against Advanced Bionics LLC in the US federal court for the district of Delaware for alleged patent infringement of two MED-EL patents related to a recently launched product. Advanced Bionics believes the complaint has no merits and is currently assessing all its options of defense.

4.1 Cash and cash equivalents

Bank accounts and term deposits are mainly denominated in CHF, EUR and USD. The assessment on the credit risk related to cash and cash equivalents is disclosed in Note 4.7.

Accounting policies

Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand and cash at banks, bank overdrafts, term deposits and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The consolidated cash flow statement summarizes the movements in cash and cash equivalents.

4.2 Financial income/expenses, net

Other financial expenses in 2018/19 include, amongst other items, primarily the fair value adjustments of financial instruments.

4.3 Dividend per share

The Board of Directors of Sonova Holding AG proposes to the Annual General Shareholders’ Meeting, to be held on June 13, 2019, that a dividend of CHF 2.90 shall be distributed (previous year CHF 2.60).

4.4 Other financial assets

Other current financial assets

The Group regularly hedges its net exposure from foreign currency balance sheet positions with forward contracts. Such contracts are not qualified as cash flow hedges and are, therefore, not accounted for using hedge accounting principles. Gains and losses on these transactions are recognized directly in the income statement (refer to Note 4.7).

Other non-current financial assets

The loans are primarily denominated in CAD, CHF, EUR, GBP, JPY and USD. Loans to third parties consist mainly of loans to customers. As of March 31, 2019, the respective repayment periods vary between one and nine years and the interest rates vary generally between 1% and 5%. 

Other non-current financial assets mainly consist of certain minority interests in patent and software development companies specific to the hearing aid industry.

Accounting policies

Financial assets are classified into the following three categories:

The classification depends on the business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows. For assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will be recorded either in the income statement or OCI. For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Group has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). The Group reclassifies debt investments when and only when its business model changes for managing those assets.

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value. In the case of financial assets at amortized cost and FVOCI the fair value includes transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at FVPL are expensed in profit or loss. Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset.

Financial assets at amortized cost

Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition is recognized directly in the income statement.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL)

Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost or FVOCI are measured at FVPL. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at FVPL is recognized in the income statement in the period in which it arises.

Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and equity instruments

The Group currently holds no financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and no has not elected to account for equity instruments in this category.

Previous accounting policies for financial assets

In the prior year, financial assets were classified and measured based on the IAS 39 requirements. The Group reviewed its financial assets as of March 31, 2018 considering the new measurement categories provided under IFRS 9. Other financial assets classified as “Loans and receivables” are now classified as “Financial assets at amortized cost”. 

4.5 Financial liabilities

In connection with the financing of the acquisition of AudioNova in the 2016/17 financial year, on October 11, 2016 the Group issued bonds in three tranches with different coupons and terms:

Current financial liabilities